1/24/2024 0 Comments Tick repellent for humans![]() ![]() In practice a repellent could also describe a compound that simply prevents acquired ticks from biting, although this form of repellency is rarely encountered (Halos et al. ( 2007) for mosquito repellents, which has recently been used in the context of ticks (Eisen et al. This definition is akin to ‘contact irritancy’, defined by Grieco et al. ![]() They work, generally, by producing an irritant effect which causes questing ticks to avoid treated clothing or skin completely, or to fall off soon after contact with the treated surface (Halos et al. The prevention of tick bites is a prerequisite for the prevention of tick-borne-disease, and therefore repellents should be designed to prevent new infestations and stop ticks from biting. Hence, biologically-based repellents, particularly the plant-derived essential oils, may constitute an appealing alternative (Bissinger and Roe 2010 Del Fabbro and Nazzi 2013 Benelli et al. 2008 Bissinger and Roe 2010 Osimitz et al. However, concerns over its safety, efficacy and environmental impacts have been reported (Aquino et al. The majority of commercially-available tick repellents are synthetic molecules, of which DEET ( N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) is the most extensively used active ingredient (Bissinger and Roe 2010 Pages et al. Repellents can be applied topically to skin, or to clothing. The development of more effective personal protection measures against tick attachment and biting would make an important contribution to reducing the incidence of tick-borne disease.Īrthropod repellents are an effective means for humans to protect themselves against tick bites (Piesman and Eisen 2008 Bissinger and Roe 2010 Pages et al. In Europe, it is the vector of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., the causal agent of Lyme disease, and tick-borne encephalitis, which respectively infect more than 100,0 people annually (Pålsson et al. The most common and widespread tick throughout Europe, Ixodes ricinus L., the castor bean or forest tick, is the dominant species of medical concern (Bonnet et al. Ticks act as vectors of a greater diversity of disease-causing pathogens of humans than any other arthropod (Ginsberg and Faulde 2008). The results suggest that 5% oregano and spearmint oils exhibit potential as natural clothing repellents, with an effective equivalence to 20% DEET. No reduction in repellence was detected over a 24 h period between treatment and testing. For ticks that did attach to the trousers, the rate of drop off within 3 min was significantly higher for trousers treated with spearmint oil or thyme oil than ethanol, oregano oil and rosemary oil. The number of ticks present on the blankets or trousers differed significantly between treatments: spearmint oil treatments resulted in significantly fewer ticks than the negative controls for both blankets and trousers and significantly fewer ticks were present on the oregano oil treated blankets. Blankets and trousers had been treated with one of 5% oregano, rosemary, spearmint or thyme oils, 20% DEET ( N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) (positive control) or ethanol excipient-only (negative control). ![]() Here, blanket-drags and standardised walks were employed to evaluate tick acquisition by 1 m 2 cotton blankets or cotton trousers, respectively, in woodland edge habitats of known high tick abundance. Essential oils show promise as natural alternatives to synthetic tick repellents, but few studies have investigated their repellent efficacy in vivo or under field conditions.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |